Hepatitis Virus Families

Hepatitis A - Picorna virus  - All A is Cornay
Hepatitis B - Hepadna ------------------------------------------> only DNA virus
Hepatitis C - Flavi - Citrus Flavoured
Hepatitis D - Delta virus
Hepatitis E - Calcivirus - tEEth need CALCIum

Many roles of Vit B

Thiamine - B1 - coversion of pyruvate to acetyle co A for Krebs - beri beri, wernicke's encephelopathy, korsakoff's psychosis

Riboflavin - B2 - FADH - Electron acceptor -

Nicotinic acid - B3 - NADH - Electron acceptor - pellagra

Pantethonic acid - B5 - Coenzyme A

Pyridoxine - B6 - Transamination and amino acid metabolism - - dermatitis

Folic acid - B9 - tetrahydrofolate for nucleic acid synthesis - macrocytic anemia

Vitamin B12 - Cofactor for several enzymes  - pernicious anemia

Vitamin B - transamination

B6 - pyridoxal phosphate - transamination

Site- liver and kidney

Transaminase transfers amino group from an amino acid to alpha keto glutarate thereby converting amino acid to to alpha keto glutarate and alpha keto glutarate into amino acid.

Usually glutamate and alpha keto glutarate participate in this

Serine and threonine are metabolized by deamination. others are by transamination

Diagnostic enzymes

Myocardial infarction - Creatinine kinase (early), Aspartate transaminase, Lactate dehydrogenase
Pulmonary infarction - High LDH and normal CK and AST
Liver - alanine transaminase (ALT) and AST - aspartate trasaminase
Pancreas - Lipase and amylase
Muscle - same as heart + myoglobin which is a oxygen carrying protein in muscle
Prostate - acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen
Biliary obstruction - Glutamyl transferase

Glycolysis

Rate limiting step - phosphofructo kinase
Fluoride inhibits enolase
Lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactic acid in anerobic resp.

ATP
Steps 1 and 3 = - 2ATP
Steps 6 and 9 = + 4 ATP
Net "visible" ATP produced = 2.


NADPH
Reaction 5 is an oxidation where NAD⁺ removes 2 hydrogens and 2 electrons to produce NADH and H⁺. Since this reaction occurs twice, 2 NAD⁺ coenzymes are used.

Step	ATP (used -) (produced +)
1	-1
3	-1
5 - NADH to E.T.C to FAD = 2 step 5 used twice	2 x 2 = +4
6 used twice	1 x 2 = + 2
9 used twice	1 x 2 = + 2
NET	6 ATP

Base Pairing

Nucleotide - Nucleoside + phosphate group.

Adenine - thymine (uracil in RNA) - 2 bonds
Guanine - Cytosine - 3 bonds

Purines - A,G - Pure As Gold

Wobble effect - Multiple codons for same amino acid. These multiple codons mostly differ only in the third nucleotide. So,  a substitution on the third nucleotide will not cause any harm.

DNA is
Highly polar
hydrophilic
has major and minor groove - major groove is binding site for proteins

DNA Replication Animation - Best Video Ever

5' end - where the strand starts with phosphate group 3' end - where strand starts with carbon group. Helicase - unwinds DNA and splits DNA into two strands Topoisomerase - relieves supercoiling and tension from unwinding and winding. DNA gyrase - coils it back Please watch video - very thorough.